Who founded Analytical Psychology, introducing concepts such as individuation, archetypes, and the collective unconscious?

• A. Sigmund Freud
• B. Erik Erikson
• C. Carl Jung
• D. Jean Piaget

Answer: (C)

Carl Jung founded Analytical Psychology, introducing the ideas of individuation, archetypes, and the collective unconscious. Individuation is the lifelong process of bringing the unconscious into awareness and integrating it with the conscious self to become a more whole person. Archetypes are universal, inherited patterns—such as the Self, the Shadow, and the Anima/Animus—that shape how we experience and interpret reality across cultures. The collective unconscious is a shared layer of the psyche containing these archetypes and common symbols that appear in myths, dreams, and art around the world. These concepts are distinctive to Jung and set Analytical Psychology apart from other theories. For example, Freud is known for psychoanalysis and the personal unconscious, Erikson for psychosocial development, and Piaget for cognitive development, but the combination of individuation, archetypes, and the collective unconscious points to Jung.